The detailed analysis of current
cropping areas in Africa presented here reveals significant
climate sensitivities of cropland density and distribution
across a variety of agro-ecosystems. Based on empirical
climate-cropland relationships, cropland density responds
positively to increases in precipitation in semi-arid and
arid zones of the sub-tropics and warmer temperatures in
higher elevations. As a result, marginal increases in

The purpose of this report is to assist
policy makers and planners in developing countries in the
preparation of a National Transport Strategy (NTS). The
report highlights lessons that can be learned from NTSs
developed by different countries around the world. It draws
upon transport strategy and policy documents from 23
countries and from a range of World Bank source material.
The aim is not to provide a ready-made strategy document but

Using a comprehensive geo-referenced
database of indicators relating to global change and energy,
the paper assesses countries' likely attitudes with
respect to international treaties that regulate carbon
emissions. The authors distinguish between source and impact
vulnerability and classify countries according to these
dimensions. The findings show clear differences in the
factors that determine likely negotiating positions. This

This paper starts with a brief
perspective on urban transport in developing countries,
followed by a detailed presentation of an overall framework
for making projects in this sector. Additional details on
cities and projects used as case studies are given in the
accompanying tables. The challenge for the Bank is to assist
client cities in providing transport infrastructure and
services that respond to demographic, spatial and economic

This paper estimates a model of a farm
that treats the choice of crops, livestock, and irrigation
as endogenous. The model is composed of a multinomial
choice of farm type, a binomial choice of irrigation, and a
set of conditional land value functions. The model is
estimated across over 2,000 farmers in seven Latin America
countries. The results quantify how farmers adapt their
choice of farm type and irrigation to their local climate.

Carbon labelling is being adopted by
private firms as a mechanism for mitigating climate change.
Such schemes are likely to have a significant impact on
low-income country exports due to the need for
transportation and the small size of their exporters.
However, transport emissions may be offset by favorable
production conditions and size bias may be reduced. The
design and implementation of carbon labelling will need to

Policies to promote adaptation climate
risks often rely on the willing cooperation of the intended
beneficiaries. If these beneficiaries disagree with policy
makers and programme managers about the need for adaptation,
or the effectiveness of the measures they are being asked to
undertake, then implementation of the policies will fail. A
case study of a resettlement programme in Mozambique shows
this to be the case. Farmers and policy-maker disagreed

Liquid biofuels made from biomass are
attracting increasing interest worldwide. Industrial
countries see biofuels as a way of reducing greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions from the transport sector and diversifying
energy sources. Developing countries see biofuels as a way
to stimulate rural development, create jobs, and save
foreign exchange. Both groups view biofuels as a means of
increasing energy security. These concerns, taken together

This paper analyzes the impact of
climate change on animal husbandry in Africa. It regresses
the net revenue from raising animals in small and large
farms across Africa on climate, soil, and other control
variables to test the climate sensitivity of livestock. The
study is based on a survey of over 9,000 farmers across 11
countries conducted by the World Bank and the Global
Environment Facility. From this dataset, 5,400 farms were

Poland has by far the highest hard coal
production of any country in the European Union and hard
coal will continue to play a crucial role regarding energy
security for Poland. Most importantly, hard coal can reduce
both the price and supply risks for Poland associated with
oil and gas imports. Poland has a number of low cost mines
with good quality coal where production can be expanded so
that it is feasible for coal to meet domestic demand without

In the last 10 years, World Bank
activity in the fisheries sector of the Pacific Islands
region has been limited to two regional economic reports, a
study of coastal resources management, and a few technical
assistance missions. The purpose of this study was to
conduct a brief internal review of the Pacific fisheries
sectors past performances, based on the existing literature
and experience of the individuals involved. The

This report addresses the issues
associated with trade in liquid biofuels is a second Energy
Sector Management Assistance Program report on biofuels, and
part of a broader assessment of bioenergy undertaken by the
World Bank. The report asks how liberalizing trade in liquid
biofuels might affect biofuel production and consumption.
Bioenergy is playing an increasingly important role as an
alternative and renewable source of energy. Bioenergy