Governments in many countries are decentralising to give more control over decision making and budgets to local administrations. One expectation of this change is that local governments will more effectively and efficiently respond to the poorest citizens in their jurisdictions. Decentralisation is especially significant to forest communities, which have historically benefited little from government services and poverty reduction programmes because of their physical isolation and social marginalisation.

This training manual is intended for scientists and students who work with biodiversity data and are interested in developing skills to effectively carry out spatial analysis based on (free) GIS applications with a focus on diversity and ecological analyses.

These analyses offer a better understanding of spatial patterns of plant diversity and distribution, helping to improve conservation efforts. The training manual focuses on plants of interest for improving livelihoods (e.g. crops, trees and crop wild relatives) and/or those which are endangered.

Geographical information systems (GIS) assist us in mapping and analyzing outbreaks of diseases in plants, animals and humans. This paper describes how GIS are being used to model the intensity of the outbreak of a plant virus, bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) in Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. BGMV is a geminivirus affecting beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and is transmitted by a vector, the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Once a plant is infected by the virus yield losses, at varying locations, can range from 40% to 100%.

Strategic research in agriculture and natural resources carried out by international research centers is deemed a public good and should, sooner or later, be put into the hands of development, governmental and non-governmental organizations. However, this research is usually done at specific pilot sites; there is a greater need to know how representative those sites are in relation to the diversity of contexts in other locations.

We developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution). The climate elements considered were monthly precipitation and mean, minimum, and maximum temperature. Input data were gathered from a variety of sources and, where possible, were restricted to records from the 1950 2000 period. We used the thin-plate smoothing spline algorithm implemented in the ANUSPLIN package for interpolation, using latitude, longitude, and elevation as independent variables.

Increasing temperatures and declining rainfall patterns as well as increasing frequency of extreme climate events such as droughts and floods are the expected future weather patterns within the tropics. Africa, particularly Southern Africa, is projected to be the region most vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and change especially in agriculture and water. This has dire consequences as most people in Southern Africa depend on agriculture for their livelihoods.

The application of computer technology in land administration is touted as one way of ensuring efficient and transparent land administration. Although this true, one major concern is not only how to create a computerized land information system that is interoperable across different government departments responsible for different land administration functions, but also how to ensure interoperability between national and devolved levels of government departments responsible for land administration.

Despite a history of more than 100 years and the introduction of provisional maps to support land registration, the Kenyan cadastre is largely incomplete. It consists of a patchwork of maps of different positional qualities, which would not be readily integrated to create a nation-wide coverage. This paper outlines the structure of the Kenyan cadastre and analyses the quality of the cadastral maps with regard to the requirements of modern land administration.

Land administration arrangements and practices in any country influence the pace and outcomes of social and economic developments. Since the United Nations adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), nations have been encouraged to take initiatives to attain the SDG targets. As a key factor in development therefore, how land administration arrangements and governance practices contribute to the attainment of the SDG goals becomes an important national, regional and global question.