Innovative technologies for land governance can promote clear land tenure and effective land administration, reduce corruption, and support economic growth. Mobile technologies offer real-time access to information and open communication between people and government services. These technologies are revolutionizing land governance around the world; however, without additional steps to ensure that women and men equitably benefit from the technology revolution, the application of these technologies may amplify the preexisting inequalities that women face.

With some of the earliest known human settlements in the world, most of Iraq together with Kuwait, eastern Syria and southeastern Turkey constitute Mesopotamia, also referred to by historians as the ‘cradle of civilization’. Iraq has a surface area of approximately 437,072 square kilometers, making it slightly larger than twice the size of Idaho. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the west, and Syria to the northwest.

The Global Programme 'Responsible Land Policy' (GPRLP) is part of the Special Initiative 'One World, No Hunger' of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), which aims to reduce extreme poverty and hunger.

The Global Programme 'Responsible Land Policy' (GPRLP) is part of the Special Initiative 'One World, No Hunger' of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), which aims to reduce extreme poverty and hunger.

The Global Programme 'Responsible Land Policy' (GPRLP) is part of the Special Initiative 'One World, No Hunger' of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), which aims to reduce extreme poverty and hunger.

The Global Programme Responsible Land Policy (GPRLP), launched in November 2015, is based on the assumption that secure land rights can

➊ improve food security and foster investment,
➋ lead to sustainable land use,
➌ reduce conflicts and
➍ improve women’s access to land as well as that of marginalized groups.

Laos plans to graduate from least developed country status by 2024. To spur economic growth, the Lao government builds on a resource-based export economy, major mining projects, the constructions of dams, and the expansion of plantation agriculture. A key focus is the promotion of foreign direct investment in agriculture and forestry, to promote technology transfer for intensification of the agricultural sector and thus employment and income for the rural population. However, agriculture and forestry investment projects are placing growing pressure on land as a resource.

ສປປ ລາວ ມີແຜນຈະຫ ຼຸດພ ົ້ນອອກຈາກການເປັນປະເທດດ້ອຍພັດທະນາໃນປີ 2024. ເພ ື່ອກະຕ ້ນການເຕີບໂຕທາງດ້ານເສດຖະກິດ, ລັດຖະບານລາວໄດ້ເລັົ່ງໃສ່ເສດຖະກິດ ສ ົ່ງອອກທີື່ອີງໃສ່ຊັບພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ, ເຊັົ່ນ: ໂຄງການບ ໍ່ແຮ່ຂະໜາດໃຫຍ່, ການ ກ ໍ່ສ້າງເຂ ື່ອນໄຟຟ້າພະລັງນໍ້າ ແລະ ການຂະຫຍາຍການປູກພ ດກະສິກໍາ. ຈ ດສ ມຫ ັກ ແມ່ນສ ົ່ງເສີມການລ ງທຶນໂດຍກ ງຈາກຕ່າງປະເທດ ເຂ ົ້າໃນຂະແໜງກະສິກໍາ ແລະ ປ່າໄມ້, ເພ ື່ອສ ົ່ງເສີມການຖ່າຍທອດທາງດ້ານເຕັກໂນໂລຢີສໍາລັບຂະແໜງກະສິກໍາທີື່ມີ ການຂະຫຍາຍຕ ວຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງໃນປັດຈ ບັນ, ຊຶື່ງເກີດມີການຈ້າງງານ ແລະ ສ້າງ ລາຍໄດ້ໃຫ້ແກ່ປະຊາຊ ນທີື່ອາໄສຢູ່ເຂດຊ ນນະບ ດ.

With around 7.4 million inhabitants, Laos is relatively sparsely populated. Over 70% of Laotians depend directly or indirectly on agriculture and forestry for their living. To drive forward the country’s development, the Lao Government is investing in agriculture and forestry, mining, and hydropower. Until now, the rural population has derived limited benefit from this practice and is often not familiar with the legal frameworks governing land, nor the relevant institutions and processes that ensure their land rights.

The Gnassingbé clan has ruled the country since 1967. Throughout the survey period, demands for political change initiated by institutional and electoral reforms were a major issue of contention between the government and the challengers of the Gnassingbé regime. An alliance of opposition parties and civil society groups organized peaceful demonstrations in opposition to the regime. These demonstrations were often violently suppressed. Civil society organizations and representatives of the Christian church supported the opposition’s demands.

Land access is becoming a crucial issue in many African contexts, where groups and individuals are coping with land scarcity and increasing competition over resources. Based on fieldwork carried out in the southwestern region of Togo, this paper explores the plurality and adaptability of the forms of land access that have historically emerged from changing economic and political landscapes characterized by the rise and the decline of cocoa cultivation.